Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement

HIGHLIGHTS

• What: This article focuses primarily on the nature of disinformation and how it can be identified and places it into the contemporary societal context. The authors suggest that its identification is essential and, as the authors show next, empirically well supported. As the authors show next, the authors can go beyond mere identification as there are also at least three ways in which one can ascertain the deceptive intent underlying disinformation if present. The final approach to identifying intentional deception resembles the approach involving institutional documents but specifically focuses on lies promulgated by identifiable individuals.
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