Development and validation of dependence and craving measures specific to athletes who use anabolic-androgenic steroids

HIGHLIGHTS

  • What: The overall aim of this study was twofold. The authors aimed to develop measures of AAS dependence and AAS craving and validate their scores. Throughout the study the authors followed the guidelines and procedures for instrument development and validation present within the research literature (i.e . Throughout this study the authors considered five of the six aspects of construct validity proposed by Messick ; content, structural, substantive, generalizability, and external.
  • Who: Barnaby N. Zoob Carter from the Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain have published the article: Development and validation of dependence and craving . . .

     

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