HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Due to the complexity of the many possible adverse developmental effects and the current limitations of in_vitro methods, it is unlikely that a single test could replace animal studies such as the OECD TG 414. Since a fetus grows surrounded by the protective and nurturing environment of placenta, amniotic fluid and membranes, in_vitro models of these organs should also be integrated into a NAM aiming at identifying developmental toxicity effects of chemicals. With the ambition to fully replace animal studies in the future, the proposed model should also consider the implementation of in_vitro cellular . . .
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