HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
If immunotherapy might be considered a way to overcome the resistance induced by targeted therapy alone, it must be said that-if administered as a single agent-it fails to be responsive in a major proportion of patients with HCC: in fact, 40% of patients are primarily resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). VEGF, in fact, suppresses the antitumor immune_response and promotes the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), regulatory T_cells (Treg cell) and MDSCs in tumor tissue and secondary lymphoid organs, resulting in a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. VEGF controls the binding between PD . . .
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