Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma: current strategies and biomarkers predicting response and/or resistance

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SUMMARY

    In detail, CTLA4 exerts its activity solely within lymph nodes and is expressed constitutively on regulatory T_cells (Treg ) and transiently on several T_cells in the early priming phase. As a consequence, the binding to CTLA4 is preferred over CD28, leading to the inhibition of T_cells activation. CTLA4 acts as a brake on the activation and proliferation of T_cells. PD-1 is an immune co-inhibitory receptor expressed on T_cells and on several other immune cells. PD-1 is expressed selectively on T_cells at the late activation stage, and its expression is particularly strong in . . .

     

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