The urban environment is strongly affected by various forms of urbanization, and the sustainable development of urban areas is challenging. therefore, goal 11—sustainable cities and communities—is included in the sustainable develop- ment goals of the un (division for sustainable develop- ment goals, department of economic and social affairs, united nations 2015 ). urban greening is one of the strategies used to maintain and improve the urban environment, which affects humans to large extent. a lack of green areas in the urban environ- ment has become a major problem that influences the quality of living, health, and well-being of urban dwellers (bolund and hunhammar 1999 ; de la barrera et al. 2016 ; wolch et al. 2014 ; arifwidodo and chandrasiri 2021 ; arifwidodo et 2022 ). green areas provide ecosystem services such as the mitigation of air pollution, capture of particulate matter (pm 2.5 and 10), microclimate regulation, urban cooling, noise reduction, and runoff mitigation, which aid in coping with the environmental problems resulting from urbaniza- tion (bolund and hunhammar ; arifwidodo