HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Presented by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, the Triple Helix (TH) model has been used by academics and public managers (Cai and Etzkowitz, 2020) to classify and analyze the interactions among actors in the university-industrygovernment (U-I-G) spheres for innovation and development environments (Lee et_al, 2020; Etzkowitz, 2008). More developed countries have a more complex and mature innovation system, while less developed countries have immature innovation systems. The main idea of this work is that the level of interaction and triple helix 9 325-368 the evolution of the triple helix thematic Table 1 . . .
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