Impaired vegf-a-mediated neurovascular crosstalk induced by sars-cov-2 spike protein: a potential hypothesis explaining long covid-19 symptoms and covid-19 vaccine side effects?

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

Eight members make up the family of VEGFs, namely VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, placental growth factor (PlGF), and endocrine gland-derived (EG)-VEGF. Once secreted, they can bind to the tyrosine kinase VEGF-receptor (VEGF-R) 1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3, whose activation triggers various intracellular signaling cascades. Together with VEGF-B, VEGF-A can bind to VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 in endothelium, while VEGF-C and VEGF-D interact with VEGF-R3 in lymphatic vessels. The interplay of NRP-1, VEGF-Rs, and . . .

 



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