Authorship note: aah, tjj, and mk contributed equally to this work. conflict of interest: rjj and mal have patents and patent applications (62/473,005, “indazole inhibitors of fructokinase (khk) and methods of use in treating khk-mediated disorders or diseases,” and 62/558,555, “selective inhibition of v1b and/or stabilization or upregulation of v1a for treating fatty liver”) related to blocking fructose metabolism in the treatment of metabolic diseases and vasopressin. rjj and mal are also members of a startup company, colorado research partners llc, that is trying to develop inhibitors of fructose metabolism. rjj also has some shares of xortx therapeutics, which is a startup company developing novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. pb has acted as a consultant for bayer, astrazeneca, bristol-myers squibb, boehringer ingelheim, sanofi, novo nordisk, and horizon pharma. pb serves on advisory boards for boehringer ingelheim and xortx therapeutics