HIGHLIGHTS
- who: Faezeh Sharafi from the (UNIVERSITY) have published the Article: A comprehensive review about the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated review, in the Journal: (JOURNAL)
SUMMARY
Long-term antigen exposure can also induce T_cells to overexpress immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules, leading to cell exhaustion, immunological escape of tumor cells, and the development of HCC. ICIs activate T_cells in multiple ways, and they may assist in reversing the exhausted phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In cancer, degeneration of anti-tumor immune_responses is caused by the activation, proliferation . . .
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