HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Given the high prevalence of preoperative anxiety, abundant protocols to reduce anxiety have been administrated before surgery including pharmacological therapy and non-pharmacological therapy. The various assessment tools and conceptual issues with regard to the evaluation of preoperative anxiety and POD may explain the heterogeneity of findings, such as inconsistent operational definitions of preoperative anxiety and unclear time periods for measuring preoperative anxiety. The authors only find a significant association between preoperative anxiety and POD in studies using HADS-A, which may be due to the broader range of this anxiety measurement. The trade . . .
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