HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
As a way to overcome these issues, in_vivo animal models, mainly mice, have been used to elucidate the natural history of the disease, the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying chlamydial infection and its chronic outcomes, as well as for drug and vaccine development; however, animal models possess important differences from the human host in the clearance of chlamydial infection and in the defense immune mechanisms. In_vivo studies raise important ethical concerns, and, hence, better alternatives are needed. The authors present a brief overview of the most cutting-edge cell-culture models that mimic the pathophysiology of . . .
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