HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Microbial rhodopsins are photoactive proteins, in which photon absorption triggers diverse molecular functions, from protein-protein interaction to ion transport (Govorunova et_al, 2017; Rozenberg et_al, 2021). This instrument and its earlier modifications have already been used to probe voltage- and ligand-gated ion_channels in a variety of cell types (Brinkwirth et_al, 2020; Potet et_al, 2020; Obergrussberger et_al, 2022). ChRs that generate H+ and Na+ influx in mammalian cells (cation-conducting ChRs, or CCRs) have been found as phototaxis receptors in chlorophyte algae (Nagel et_al, 2002, 2003; Sineshchekov et_al, 2002) and are used to stimulate . . .
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