HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
The mutation of any one of FRAS1, FREM1 and FREM2 can cause congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT), which means that FRAS1/FREM genes and proteins play essential roles in renal organogenesis (Pavlakis et_al, 2011; Al-Hamed et_al, 2021). Up to a third of KIRC at initial diagnosis will present with or develop metastases, which state is almost uniformly lethal with a poor prognosis (Diaz-Montero et_al, 2020; Jonasch et_al, 2021). The basement membrane (BM), a specialized type of ECM in direct contact with cells, constitutes architecturally complex ECM protein networks . . .
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