HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Recent evidence indicates that frailty can independently predict the reduced antibody response after COVID-19 mRNA_vaccines in elderly people. In this regard, future studies have to consider, beyond other parameters, the potential involvement of "inflamm-ageing", "immune-senescence", and alterations of gut microbiota (i.e., gut dysbiosis) in inducing an altered response to COVID-19 mRNA_vaccination in frail elderly people. Specifically, "inflamm-ageing", which is related to the increased cellular production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines into circulation (e_g, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), in combination with the . . .
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