HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
This study investigates the COVID-19 pandemic`s impact on ESI efficiency using a multimethods model in three stages. By excluding the environmental effect of the pandemic on each province using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model`s results in the second stage, this study compares the ESI efficiency change with or without the influence of the pandemic in the third stage. Results of the spatial Tobit and SFA models provide evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacts the ESI efficiency during 2020, this impact is decreasing in 2021, and this impact has . . .
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