HIGHLIGHTS
- What: The authors show how both simple ratios and odds ratios can be defined based on the stochastic theory of causal effects. The authors examine if and how expectations of these effect measures can be identified under four causality conditions. The authors provide some guidelines regarding the five effect measures considered in this paper and when they can be used in specific cases.
- Who: Christoph Kiefer and colleagues from the Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany have published the research: DEFINITION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSAL RATIO EFFECTS Definition and Identification of Causal Ratio Effects Christoph . . .

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