Development of the external and internal shame scale: japanese version

HIGHLIGHTS

• who: Yoichi Hiramatsu from the An online questionnaire was conducted with university students enrolled in six Japanese universities that agreed to participate in the researchParticipants were recruited by providing a link to the survey to students attending online lectures and one university also on the universities' subject recruitment websites. The survey was conducted between July and November, . Responses were anonymous. Participants were provided with written explanations regarding the survey's purpose, personal information protection, confidentiality, and arbitrariness of responses. Afterwards, participants were instructed, "If you agree to complete the survey after reviewing the above instructions, please click . . .
  

   

  

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