Electroanalytical trace metal cations quantification and speciation in freshwaters: historical overview, critical review of the last five years and road map for developing dynamic speciation field measurements

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

    Concerning the physico-chemical theoretical description of the metal speciation, it is interesting to observe that, albeit the knowledge of dynamic trace metal cation speciation is the key to understanding the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity in freshwaters, the most common theoretical approaches to describe these phenomena are still thermodynamic in nature. To understand trace cation bioavailability or toxicity, the total 2 of 20 metal concentration determination is clearly not sufficient, and it is necessary to evaluate at least the free metal ion and the different metal complexes concentrations. In the last three decades, trace . . .

     

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