Europe developed phsm severity index and dashboard. the phsm severity index captures the types, severity and timing of phsms implemented by a country across six main indicators. by providing standardized data on phsm implementation, the phsm severity index can support and inform the development of policy at country and regional levels. phsm data, severity methodology and policy tools developed throughout the covid-19 pandemic should be adapted to provide a foundation for preparedness for future large-scale health emergencies. in addition, discerning the epidemiological impact of specific phsm and their combina- tions currently is a priority for policy-makers and can guide countries’ transition strategies. analysing the impact of phsm on covid-19 transmission is of critical importance, especially as variants of concern bring new waves of covid-19 cases and may challenge countries’ vaccination and response strategies. reference phsm in response to covid-19 (who.int)