Europe, the geographical distribution of juglans regia has been heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity (polle- gioni et al. 2017 ). at the end of the last glacial maximum, inhabited refugia across southern europe and anatolia (bottema 1980 , 2000 ; pollegioni et al. ). genetic admixture between these refugia populations began in the bronze age and is coeval with increases in juglans pollen within palaeoenvironmental archives of the balkans, levant and anatolia (bottema ; eastwood et al. 1998 ; izdebski et al. 2016 ). the increase in pol- len is part of a wider assemblage indicating human impacts on the environment associated with increased agriculture and arboriculture (eastwood et al. ; woodbridge et al. 2019 ). termed the beyşehir occupation phase (3,500-1,350 bp), it has also been observed in the wider region, includ- ing the caucasus, georgia and iran (izdebski et al. ), leading to the proposal that this might represent a degree of homogenisation in agricultural practices, particularly during the hellenistic and roman empires (izdebski et al. ). when came to cyprus is largely unknown