Exploring climate change vulnerability and adaptation among smallholder farmers in nangarhar, afghanistan: a social-ecological systems perspective

HIGHLIGHTS

• What: This study investigates the climate change perception and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers in Nangarhar province utilizing the socialecological systems perspective. The study contributes to the understanding of the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change and the importance of enhancing their adaptive capacity with specific focus on conflict-affected agrarian regions like Afghanistan. By synthesizing findings from these diverse studies, the authors aim to establish a comprehensive understanding of climate-related challenges and adaptive strategies. The study focused on smallscale farmers with household incomes around $500 and $2000 and land sizes under five hectares to . . .
  

   

  

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