HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Each PCNL-derived and SPL-derived fragment in this study is primarily a high-density calcium_oxalate monohydrate (COM; Whewellite; CaC2O4·H2O) cortex (COMC) composed of high-frequency alternations of organicmatter-rich nanolayers (peptides, proteins, and other cellular molecules) and COM mineral-rich nanolayers (Fig 2B-F)49-52. This includes breakage surfaces and notch formation on the exterior of some PCNL-derived fragments (Fig 2A,B, SFigs 1, 2), as well as rare occurrences of fine fracturing within COMC that are exclusively observed adjacent to the SPL notches (Fig 3A). The outermost margins of . . .
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