I. i the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) was declared by the world health organization (who) as a pandemic on 11th march 2020. originated in wuhan city of china in december 2019, covid-19 has quickly widespread with confirmed cases of the virus in numerous countries and territories worldwide. in order to combat the spread of the covid-19 pandemic, countries took several measures like quarantines, travel restrictions, closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres [1]. in particular, the closure of educational institutions led to several challenges for the teachers who had to adapt their face-to-face classes and to implement online learning by developing new digital contents and using technological tools [2], [3]. however, a large part of the educators was not effectively prepared and had not had the required experience to switch to online teaching [4], [5]. on the other hand, students also found difficulties during this period such as lack of internet facilities, lack of interaction with the teacher and

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  • who: (HE et al. from the absence of social interactions with colleagues [6]Although online learning was found as the best solution to minimize the impact of the pandemic on education, there is no doubt that the obstacles are numerous, for all actors of the learning process [7]-[9]. In the twenty years that preceded this crisis, there had been an increasing use of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), due to the rapid progress of the Internet and mobile technologies. Either as a support for distance courses, or as a complement to traditional classes, the use . . .

     

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