Laparoscopic and robot-assisted hepatic surgery: an historical review

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SUMMARY

    This review will highlight the development of robot-assisted liver surgery by progressing through the development of liver surgery, laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic liver surgery, robot-assisted surgery (including robot development, training and simulation, and non-hepatic robot-assisted surgery), and finally, to robot-assisted liver surgery. Many terms have been used to describe surgical applications of robots, such as robotassisted minimally invasive surgery, robotic surgery, robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, J. Clin. History will be the central guiding force of this review as it moves upward in this three-story building, starting with open hepatic . . .

     

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