Laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection with real-time indocyanine green guidance of different dosage and timing: enhanced safety with visualized biliary duct and its long-term metabolic morbidity

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains the standard management for pancreatic head tumors. In 2009, Ishizawa introduced the usage of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging to delineate the bile duct intra-operatively, and it enabled realtime identification of biliary anatomy to avoid biliary injury. Inspired by Ishizawa and Cai, ICG can be adopted to identify the invisible common bile duct in real-time. Prior studies rarely proposed the objective method to evaluate the efficacy of fluorescent cholangiography with different dosage and timing of ICG, and they hardly offered the individualized dosage and timing when using ICG, which . . .

 



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