HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
This essay explores definitions of participatory science communication and citizen science, examining each of them through the framework of shifting relationships and the implicit power imbalance between scientists and various publics. Arnstein`s "Ladder of Participation" Shows Progressive Increase in Power One approach to assess levels of participation and power, whether in science communication or citizen science, was set out by Sherry Arnstein in her much-cited "A Ladder of Citizen Participation" paper of 1969. After examining many discussions and definitions, the authors conclude that citizen science activities can align on a continuum based . . .
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