HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Single-molecule imaging is used to resolve the kinetic steps in relation to mechanical displacement, which is also stepwise (Noji et_al, 1997; Yasuda et_al, 2001; Nishizaka et_al, 2004; Sakaki et_al, 2005; Adachi et_al, 2007, 2012; Sielaff et_al, 2008, 2016; Spetzler et_al, 2009; Watanabe et_al, 2010; Sugawa et_al, 2016; Miller et_al, 2018). The full F0F1 system also uses an acid-base reaction at the beginning and at the end of an offset channel in the FO unit to cause a rotation of a central γ shaft in the F1 (Bai and Warshel, 2019; Sielaff et_al, 2019 . . .
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