HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
The best-known model of this approach is the smeared cracking model, which was pioneered with the fixed smeared cracking 2 of 22 model, then extended to the rotating smeared cracking model. In frame members and masonry blocks, the diagonal cracks and many distributed cracks may develop in an arbitrary manner; it is therefore difficult to preset interface elements in the modeling procedure. To overcome the difficulty of arbitrary crack propagation in this approach, XFEM is introduced into this study to simulate the cracking behavior of frame concrete and masonry units, and the key . . .
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