HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Whether and at what point in time such an association develops from a mere associative one (e_g, "wait"=suppress moving towards enticing reward, as in a command) into a formed concept of waiting (e_g, "wait"=suppress following a desire based on the knowledge that a more advantageous alternative is possible) cannot be determined unless documented and investigated systematically. Assuming a species to be tested is capable of generalising such a (verbal) instruction to "wait" to new (experimental) situations reliably, this approach poses the advantage that no or just minimal training is required before the . . .

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