HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Cell types producing cytokines include macrophages, neutrophils, or epithelial_cells. Increased infiltration of inflammatory cells following exposure for more than 3 months is also observed histologically, along with larger type II epithelial_cells. In human and rodent epithelial_cell lines, exposure to micrometric crystalline silica particles also significantly increased proinflammatory 9 of 31 markers such as IL-1β and HMGB1 (in a surface-reactivity-dependent manner), and IL-6. Only one article reported no significant increase in mRNA expression levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the human bronchial epithelial_cell line 16HBE following incubation . . .
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