HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Due to the strong SOC of 4f electrons, the orbital momentum L and spin S are coupled into the total angular momentum J; the ground_state of free Ln3+ (4fN ) ions corresponds to the 2S+1 LJ multiplet with J=L - S (N and amp;lt; 7) and J=L + S (N > 7). For Ln3+ ions in a ligands coordination environment, the ground J-multiplet undergoes LF splitting into 2J + 1 sublevels (called Stark sublevels) creating a highly anisotropic ground_state. In the optimal case, the strong field stabilizes the doubly degenerate ground_state with maximal MJ . . .
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