HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
The mechanical barrier is consisted by intestinal epithelial_cells and their specific structures named "tight junctions" (TJs), which tightly interconnect them in the most apical part of the lateral cell membranes. Exposure of immune cells to microbial pathogens and/or their products leads to B cell switch to IgA class, Tregs induction and T_cell differentiation to Th17. An in_vitro study has demonstrated that SCFAs promote differentiation of T_cells into both Tregs and T helper (Th17 and Th1) cells, depending on the circumstances. Other microscopic features included an increase in mucosal CD4+ T_cells and accumulation of . . .
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