HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Evolution provides potential distal causes for why a phenotypic sex difference may exist (e_g, sex differences in body size as a result of competition over mates), whereas genetic and environmental factors provide potential mechanistic causes that address how a sex difference emerges during development (e_g, sex differences in body size being achieved through the sex-biased action of gonadal steroids). In contrast, there is a sharp rise in female-biased risk for depression, anxiety and eating disorders in adolescence, and of certain neurodegenerative (e_g, Alzheimer`s disease and other dementias) and psychiatric disorders (e_g . . .
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