HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Sex is a known biological variable that affects innate and adaptive immune_responses, and in the past, sex-associated differences in 2 of 14 the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches such as immune checkpoint blockade have been reported. Hormone differences (e_g, estrogens, progesterone, androgens) and X and Y chromosome-linked immune genes contribute to regulation differences of immune_responses between males and females. To comprehensively assess sex-associated immune_responses, it is important to consider both systemic and local immune_responses, especially in PDA as the typical desmoplastic stroma is a major barrier and one of the main reasons . . .
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