HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
This form of CRC, which accounts for nearly 15% of stages I-III CRC and 4% of stage IV CRC, is responsive to immunotherapy. One such target could be the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-3, as CRC cells express high levels of active Stat3 and there is evidence that such a transcription factor enhances the growth and survival of malignant cells. Human CRC cells contain elevated levels of Smad7, an inhibitor of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling. By using in_vitro, ex vivo, and in_vivo models of CRC, the authors have . . .
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