HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Anti-predator behaviour on potentially novel threats and to decrease costs of wasted defensive behaviours. Studies on predator learning to date were either conducted at an individual or a group level (e_g ). Studies conducted in the wild also face additional difficulties in recognizing individual study subjects (e_g; but). Future studies need to address this possibility, e_g by gathering independent measures of physiological stress levels in both situations. Significance codes: and amp;lt; 0.1; * and amp;lt; 0.05; ** and amp;lt; 0.01; *** and amp;lt; 0.001 on already scolding top-ranked . . .
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