HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
A direct implication of system unobservability is that conventional estimators that assume deterministic states, such as the commonly used weighted least squares (WLS) estimator, can no longer be used since they are inaccurate, inconsistent, and may have large estimation errors even in the absence of noise. Most existing approaches are two-step solutions that first produce additional 2 of 29 pseudo-measurements, e_g, based on short-term load forecasting, to make the system observable, and then estimate the states using an existing technique. Unfortunately, this assumption is system-dependent and does not always hold . . .
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