HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
This approach is based on the inoculation of probes into the future brain area of developing chick embryos before skull formation. Two approaches exist in_vivo: non-invasive and invasive approaches. Genetically manipulated animals, including knockout, knockdown, or overexpressed mice, and pharmacological approaches are also categorized as in_vivo non-invasive brain research. Conversely, electrocorticography (ECoG), an in_vivo invasive technology, simultaneously stimulates and records broad areas of the brain cortex (Rothschild 2010). Optogenetic manipulation is categorized as in_vivo invasive technology that directly stimulates or suppresses neuronal activities, because blue light, which is necessary for optogenetics, must . . .
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