The overall environmental load and resistance risk caused by long-term fungicide use to control venturia inaequalis in apple orchards in latvia

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

    To calculate the quantity of active substances used to control scabs and to estimate the Pesticide Load Indicator (PLI), data on fungicide consumption reported by six apple growers from the 10 growing seasons were used. Considering that growers also use fungicide mixtures by spraying two substances simultaneously, the frequency of active substances used was also counted. PLECO and PLFATE were calculated and expressed as the PLI per unit (kg or L) of the active substance, and PLHH were based on the risk phrases of active substances, not the product, as it was according to . . .

     

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