HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Low-grade thermal energy in the form of the waste heat produced by either industrial or natural processes constitutes an enormous energy reserve that remains currently almost unexploited. The energy of electronic excitations in the low-energy IR range is comparable to the thermal energy at room temperature (~26 meV); therefore, the vibrational excitations affect the operation of such photonic devices and relevant efforts should be undertaken to reduce the thermal noise by cooling the absorber. Although the peak quantum efficiency of the best photoelectric converters exceeds 80%, the required low-operation temperatures remain . . .
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