HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Work-around solutions in the form of smart materials or a stack of layers are available for acoustic matching. The barrier layer is made of titanium with acoustic impedance of 27 MRayl, and is sandwiched between a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric transducer of 33 MRayl and water of 1.5 MRayl, which is far from the expected acoustic matching condition. Sufficiently dense inertial cavitation causes rapid removal of the oxide layer and then exposes aluminum to a rapid reaction with water that releases hydrogen. After determining the displacement amplitude E (dependent on the . . .
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