HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Even if several genetic and environmental risk factors promote the development of OA, namely, age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, gender, physical activity, and muscle weakness, the exact pathogenesis of OA is still unclear. The anatomopathological features of OA include cartilage degeneration, subchondral osteosclerosis, and intra-articular synovial inflammation. published maps and institutional affiliations. There was a markedly increased CLU level in synovial fluid and plasma in patients with advanced knee OA compared to patients with early-stage OA. VEGF was also found to have high values in OA-SF, also showing a positive . . .
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