Treating the musician rather than the symptom: the holistic tools employed by current practices to attend to the non-motor problems of musicians with task-specific focal dystonia

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

Most commonly, the upper extremity (fingers, wrists, forearms; Byl, 2006; Altenmüller and Jabusch, 2009), or the facial muscles, including the tongue and jaw (i.e., embouchure), are affected (Frucht et_al, 2001; Termsarasab and Frucht, 2016), but some studies describe cases of lower extremity dystonia affecting drummers (Lee and Altenmüller, 2014). The understanding of the pathophysiology of MFD and similar task-specific focal dystonias went through significant changes since the first medical descriptions in the last century (Munts and Koehler, 2010) and it is still limited (Jankovic and Ashoori, 2008; Altenmüller et_al . . .

 



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