HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
The twinkling artifact, described as a radiological sign, on color Doppler ultrasound, is characterized by dynamic color fluctuations of adjacent pixels and is either empirically present or absent. Currently, there are no standards for optimizing ultrasound twinkling parameters or quantifying the twinkling signature in the clinical setting, and this is mainly because the mechanistic causes of ultrasound twinkling remain elusive. In recent years, using fiducials detectable by ultrasound twinkling has gained some translation into the clinical setting despite not fully understanding the physics of twinkling or how to optimize the scanning parameters for generating . . .
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