Two-stage optimal active-reactive power coordination for microgrids with high renewable sources penetration and electrical vehicles based on improved sine-cosine algorithm

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SUMMARY

    The first stage of the algorithm optimizes the active power flow within the microgrid to satisfy the energy demand, while the second stage further optimizes the microgrid operation based on the optimal reactive power dispatch. Formulation of the complex Optimal Active and Reactive Power Coordination problem aiming at minimizing the microgrid active energy losses by determining the optimal scheduling for multiple BESS, EVs charging, DG, and CB reactive power output. The control variables vector consists of the active power exchanged between each BESS and the microgrid, the active power demanded by each EV, the . . .

     

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