HIGHLIGHTS
SUMMARY
Glioma accounts for approximately thirty percent of brain tumors and eighty percent of malignant brain tumors and is the most frequent primary brain tumor (Omuro and DeAngelis, 2013; Ostrom et_al, 2015). According to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), glioma is classified into four different groups, which are associated with malignancy (Ostrom et_al, 2017; Wesseling and Capper, 2018). TGF-beta acts as a cancer suppressor in the initial stage of tumorigenesis (de Caestecker et_al, 2000; Zhang et_al, 2017; Chandra Jena et_al, 2021). Nomograms are often used in various cancer types to intuitively . . .
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