Virtual stiffness: a novel biomechanical approach to estimate limb stiffness of a multi-muscle and multi-joint system

HIGHLIGHTS

SUMMARY

The proposed method approximates the limb stiffness with a term proportional to the norm of the component of the muscle activation vector that does not generate any endpoint force, i.e., the null-space projection of the muscle activation vector. This approach relies on the norm of the projection of the muscle activations onto the null space of the EMG-to-force mapping, i.e., the component of muscle activation that does not generate any endpoint force, as a linear approximation of the endpoint stiffness. The results suggest that the norm of the null . . .

 



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